This is a Modern English - Old English online dictionary. The English language has evolved during the last 1600 years, undergoing extensive change, mainly during the Middle Ages. The English language has been brought to Great Britain by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, who were groups of Germanic people who established themselves in Great Britain in the 5th century.

The language evolved during the next centuries, assimilating aspects of other languages with which it came in contact, like French and slowly took the form of the language we know today.

The English spoken between the arrival of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in the 5th century and the late 11th century after the Norman Conquest in 1066 is known as Old English. From the late 11th century to the late 15th century the language evolved to Middle English. From the late 15th century to the late 17th century the language evolved to Early Modern English after the Great Vowel Shift, and to Modern English in the period from the late 17th to the present.

The Old English or Anglo Saxon English was not a single uniform language, as it exhibited distinct regional dialects with some variations, which slowly were fused together by the late 9th century. The four main regional dialects of Old English were West Saxon, Mercian, Kentish and Northumbrian. Each of those dialect were associated with different English kingdoms of Great Britain.

In the 9th century parts of eastern Great Britain including all of Northumbria and parts of Mercia, were conquered by the Vikings; while Wessex, the rest of Mercia and Kent were successfully defended and finally integrated to the Kingdom of Wessex.

As a result of the merge of the different kingdoms and their integration to Wessex, the West Saxon dialect prevailed as a necessity to standardise the language of government; so documents were written in West Saxon and that's why most of the surviving texts in Old English are written in West Saxon.

However Modern English spelling owes most to the Mercian dialect, as it was the dialect spoken in London. Nevertheless West Saxon was the dominant language during the period in which most surviving documents and literature in Old English was recorded.

The following online dictionary features the translation of Modern English terms to their Old English counterparts of the 5th - 11th centuries period.

 
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A

a [] name of the rune for ~ ác m

abase [] wv/t2 niðerian¹oppress

abasement [] niðerung¹f humiliation

abashed [] adj ǽwiscmód²ashamed

abbacy [] abboddóm m abbatial jurisdiction, abbodríce n abbey

abbatial jurisdiction [] abboddóm m abbacy

abbatial rank [] abbodhád m dignity

abbess [] abbodesse f

abbey [] abbodríce n abbacy; Anglo-Saxon ~ at York, afterwards St. Mary’s Galmanhó ?

abbot [] abbod m, abboda m [L. abbatem]; lack of an ~ abbodléast f

ABC [] ábécédé f alphabet

abduct [] sv/t3 nýdniman take by force

abduction [] nýdnimung f rapine

abide [] irreg v/i gebúan dwell; sv/t1 ábídan wait

ability [] cræft m skill; gód n virtue

Abingdon, in Berkshire [] Abban dún f

abjectly [] adv níðlíce

abjure [] sv/t5 æftercweðan renounce

ablative [] adj ætbrédendlic

able [] adj leoðufæst fast; numol good

abominable [] adj áwyrgedlic detestable, gehyspendlic

abortion [] áwegáworpnes f, an ~ ǽwyrp m

abounding [] 1. adj nyhtsum¹abundant; 2. adv ~ly nyhtsumlíce

about [] 1. prep w.d.a. ymbe (of place) around, prep w.a. ymbe (of time) at, prep w.d. or a. (temporal) in at; prep w.a. ymbe in regard to, prep w.a. ymbútan around, prep w.a. ábútan around; around ~ prep w.a. ábútan on the outside; prep w.d.i. æfter (object) for; 2. adv néah almost; (cmp néar; spl níehst); ymbe, ymb utan, ymbútan; ábútan nearly, néalíce nearly, néan nearly; ~ that place þǽrábútan

above [] adv ábúfan; over and ~ that þǽrbufan

abrogate [] wv/t2 lýtlian¹ shorten

abscess [] gegaderednes f gathering

absence [] æfweardnes f

absent [] adj æfward, æfweard distant

abundance [] cystignes f, cystines f, genyhtsumung f

abundant [] 1. adj nyhtsum¹abounding, þicce growing thickly; 2. adv ~ly nyhtsumlíce, genyhtlíce, neahhe¹, neahhie¹, neahhige¹

abysmal [] adj neowol deep down

abyss [] æfgrynde n, nið n, grynde n, neowolnes f depth

accent [] accent m [L]

accept [] sv/t2 céosan¹ approve, sv/t4 niman¹assume

acceptable [] adj léofwende agreeable, lícwyrðe¹pleasing

acceptance [] andfang n

accepted [] adj lícwyrðe¹ recognized

access [] ingang m entrance; néalǽcung f approach, néosung¹f

accessible [] adj gefére

accident [] gelimp n misfortune

accidentia [] adj gelimplic

accompanied [] causing or ~ by difficulty/hardship adj nearu oppressive

accompany [] wv/t2 geférscipian

accomplish [] wv/t1b geféran attain; wv/t1b lǽstan¹carry out

accomplishment [] lást¹n observance

accord [] of one’s own ~ adv gewealdes; of his own ~ (his) gewealdes

accordance [] in ~ with one’s nature or race adj geæðele natural

accordant [] adj ánswége harmonious

according to [] prep w.d. néah, prep w.d.i. æfter (causal) following

accost [] wv/t1b nǽgan¹² speak to

account [] 1. gerád n reckoning; 2. on ~ of prep w.a. ymbe in regard to; 3. on no ~ adv náne þinga

accumulate [] sv/i7 ætflówan flow together

accumulation [] ypping f extent

accuracy [] gerád n

accurately [] adv nearolíce closely

accursed [] adj áwyrigende

accusation [] clearing from ~ lád f purgation

accuse [] sv/t1 ábetéon, wv/t1b ácustan,acusan [L], wv/t2 leahtrian¹ blame, wv/t2 niðerian¹

ache [] 1. jaw-~ céacádl f; 2. sv/i6 acan suffer pain

acknowledged [] adj geanwyrde known

acolyte [] ácolitus m [L], candelbora m

acorn [] áccærn m, áccorn m, æcern n

acquaintance [] cúðnes f knowledge, cýðnes¹ f knowledge; cýðð f, cýððu f friendship

acquiescing [] adj geþafa consenting

acquisition [] geágnung f

acre [] 1. æcer m a certain quantity of land; an ~ æcersplott m; strip of land an ~ in extent, lying at the head of a field héafodæcer m; 2. by ~s adv æcermǽlum

act crookedly [] wv/t2 lytigian feign

act of feeding [] ǽt m, f, n eating

acting alone [] adv ánlaga

action [] anginn n onset; kind ~ lufu f; ~ of taking niming f

active [] 1. adj cáf prompt; ? gehweorf; 2. ~ly adv cáfe

Acton, Suffolk [] Acantún m

acute [] adj clǽne intellectual; more ~ gefrédra

adapted [] adj gerád conditioned

add to [] wv/t1b íecan¹ increase, wv/t1b ætýcan increase

adder [] nǽdre f snake; ~-wort nǽdrewyrt f

addition [] ætéaca m

address [] wv/t1b nemnan speak to, wv/t2 nemnian speak to

addressing [] adj gecígendlic vocative

adduce [] irreg wv/t1b gebringan produce

adhere [] wv/t1b clengan, wv/t1b ætclíðan, sv/t1 clífan cleave, wv/t2 ætclifian

adherence to the rules of right conduct or method [] þéawfæstnes f discipline

adhesion [] ætfele m

adjourn [] wv/t2 ándagian¹

administer [] wv/t2 þegnian¹ serve an office

admire [] wv/t2 áwundrian wonder at

admission [] gecierrednes f entrance, infær n entry, infæreld n entrance

admitting [] adj w.g. geþæf agreeing to

adolescence [] geoguðhád m, geoguðhádnes f

adopt [] sv/t4 niman¹ appropriate

adopted [] adj geágennod

adorn [] 1. wv/t1b glengan¹decorate, wv/t1b geatwan equip; wv/t2 gearwian¹ clothe; ~ with precious stones wv/t1b ástǽnan; 2. ~ed adj geatolic²magnificent; glengful decked out; 3. ~ment gierela¹m apparel

adulation [] lyffetung f flattery

adulterer [] ǽwbreca m, nýdhǽmedre m

adulteress ? [] nýdhǽmestre f concubine

adultery [] hór n, ǽwbryce m, geligere n fornication, geligernes f concubinage

advance [] irreg v/i gán¹proceed

advanced age [] æfteryld²f, æfteryldo² old age

advanced in age [] adj gamolferhð old

advantage [] gód n benefit, gehýðnes f, notu f utility, hýðegung f, nytt f use, nyttung f profit

adventure oneself [] sv/t5 pléon w.g. expose to danger

adversary [] inwidda m evil one

advice [] þeaht n counsel, geþeaht f, n counsel, lár f exhortation

advise [] wv/t1b gelǽran enjoin, wv/t1b lǽran¹urge

adviser [] geþeahta m couselor

adze [] adesa m, adese f hatchet

aerial [] adj lyften, lyftlic

affair [] cierr m business

affect with longing [] impersonal wv/t2 álangian

affection [] lufu f favor

affectionate [] adj lufiende

affinity [] néahsibb f near relationship

annoy; wv/t2 nearwian¹cramp, wv/t3 yfle gehabban

afflicted [] adj gebrócod injured

affliction [] 1. gyrnstafas m pl injury, níð m oppression, níðhete²m torment; ~ caused by (Moses’) rod gierdwíte n, nýdcosting f; 2. visit with ~ wv/t1b néosan, wv/t2 néosian attack

afford [] wv/t1a ástellan supply

afloat [] adj áflote

aforementioned [] adj ǽrnemned

after [] 1. prep w.d.i. æfter behind (local and temporal), prep w.d. æthindan behind; prep w.d.i. æfter (object) in pursuit of; prep w.a. ymbe (of time); 2. adj æfterweard further; yferra (cmp of ufan) subsequent; 3. adv æfter afterwards, æftum, ymbe, on láste/last; ~ that þǽræfter

after age [] æfteryld²f, æfteryldo² later time

after-birth [] cildhama m

after-claim [] æftersprǽc f

afternoon meal [] nónmete m

afterwards [] 1. written ~ adj æfterwriten; 2. adv æfter then æfter þon/þæm/þisum, æfter þæm/þon/þan þe thereafter

again [] adv níwan stefne

against [] prep w.d.a. into to

agate [] gagátes m indecl, gagátstán m precious stone

age [] 1. ieldu f; advanced ~ æfteryld²f, æfteryldo²old age; after ~ æfteryld²f, æfteryldo²later time; an ~ of the world ieldu f; old ~ æfteryld²f, æfteryldo²advanced age; old ~ ieldu f old people; 2. adj advanced in ~ gamolferhð old; very ~d infród²experienced

aged [] adj gamol²old, gamolferhð old, geléfed sickly

agent [] involuntary ~ nýdwyrhta m

agile [] adj leoðucræftig, léoht quick

agitation [] ýðung f commotion

agree [] wv/t2 gadrian¹ unite, wv/t2 þeahtian¹; ~ to wv/i1a cierran¹ be converted

agreeable [] adj léof¹ pleasant; léoftǽl, léoftǽle loving; léofwende acceptable

agreeing [] adj geþafa consenting, geþafsum consenting

agreeing to [] adj w.g. geþæf consenting to

agreement [] ánnes f covenant; geþafsumnes f; loc n settlement

agrimony [] gárclife f, agrimonia m

ah! [] interj lá oh!

aid [] wv/t1b andfylstan

air [] 1. lyft f, m, n sky; lyfthelm² m mist; ǽðmm breath; 2. adj of the ~ lyften

ait [] iggað m, iggoð m, ígeoð m, ígoð m small island

alacrity [] cáfscipe m boldness

alas! [] interj ǽ, wá lá wá!

alb [] albe f [L] white garment

alder [] aler m, alor m, alr m

alder-wort [] nǽddrewinde f

Alexandrian [] adj Alexandrinesc

alien [] hostile ~ níðgæst²m fell demon

alienation [] áfremðung f

alight [] wv/t1b líhtan dismount

alive [] 1. adj gangende; 2. adv on life, tó life, lífes

alkalized water [] léag f lye

all [] 1. adj ǽghwilc every one, gehwilc each; 2. at ~ adv á always; 3. pron, noun ǽlc every; 4. noun ǽlc every;

Alleluia (the ~) [] Alleluia m

alleviate [] wv/t1b líhtan¹ relieve

alleviation [] líhtung f relief, liss f [formerly líðs]

allot [] sv/t7 lǽtan¹assign

allow [] sv/t7 lǽtan¹; wv/t1b líefan¹ concede; ~ to escape sv/t7 lǽtan¹let out; ~ to remain sv/t7 lǽtan¹let alone

allowed [] not to be ~ irreg v/t nágan have no right to

all-powerful [] adj ælcræftig almighty

allure [] sv/t6 áspanan seduce

allurement [] léassponung f, ymbspænning f

almighty [] adj ælcræftig all-powerful

almost [] adv néah nearly (cmp néar; spl níehst); lýtesná, lýtesne, lýtestne nearly

alms [] ælmesgifu f charity

almsgiving [] ælmeshand f charitableness, ælmessylen f

aloe [] alewe f

aloft [] adv on lyfte

alone [] adv ánlíepig, ánlípig, ánlípe, ánlípie only; ánum solely; acting ~ ánlaga

along [] 1. prep w.d.i. æfter after (local and temporal); prep w.d.a. ymbe (of place) about, prep w.g. andlang; 2. adv ymbe

alphabet [] ábécédé f ABC

already [] adv ǽr [cmp ǽror; spl ǽrost, ǽrest, ǽrst] formerly; nú þá now

altar [] altarm, altarem, alterm, altrem [L], glédstede²m

alteration [] áwendednes f, áwendendnes f change

altogether [] adv ǽghwæs entirely

alum [] ælifn f

always [] adv á for ever, ǽfre perpetually, gehwǽr on every occasion

am not [] neom verb form

amaze [] wv/t2 ámasian confound

ambassador [] ǽrendraca m messenger

ambrosia [] ambrósie f

ambush [] of ~ adj insǽte dependant

amen [] interj géalágé [géa lá géa] yea

amiable [] 1. adj luflic loving; 2. ~ly adv luflíce

amicable settlement [] lufu f

among [] prep w.d. ámang amongst, prep w.d. or a. (local) in in

amongst [] prep w.d. ámang among

amphitheater [] plegstów f gymnasium

ample [] adj ginn²spacious

amuse oneself [] wv/t1b plegan play

amusement [] gamenn pastime

ancestor [] cnéowmǽg m relation; ~s ieldra pl noun parents

anchorite [] ánbúend m hermit, ánsetla m hermit

ancient [] 1. adj gamol²old; 2. ~ building ǽrsceaft f; ~ world ǽrworuld f

and [] conj and; both…~ ǽghwæðer (ge)…ge, ǽgðer…and

aneurism [] neurisn f

anew [] adv níwlinga, níwunga newly

angel [] ǽrendgást m, gást m good spirit, ǽrendraca m messenger, ár² m herald

anger [] 1. ábylgnes f wrath; anda m envy; ábyligd f; ǽbylga m, ǽbylgnes f offence, ǽbylgð f, ǽbylgðu f offence, grama m rage, ǽbylgð f, ǽbylgðu f, æfðanc m, æfðanca m displeasure, iernes f, ierre n, ierscipe m, iersung f; níðgrama m malice; 2. wv/t1b ábylgan offend; 3. adj ~ed abealh, ábolgen

angle [] angel m hook

Anglen, a district in Schleswig, from which the Angles came [] Angel n

Angles [] norðléode m pl, the ~ Angle m pl

angrily [] adv grame fiercely, ierrenga fiercely

angry [] 1. adj gram hostile, gealgmód²gloomy/ furious, gealg sad; ierlic vehement, ierre fierce; very ~ ierreðweorh; 2. be ~ with wv/t2 iersian¹ rage, sv/t3 ábelgan; make ~ sv/t3 ábelgan irritate, wv/t1b ábǽligan offend, wv/t1b geæbiligan offend

anguish [] 1. pín f [L poena] pain; 2. be in ~ wv/i2 angian¹

animal [] 1. néat n beast; kind of ~ níetencynn n; maimed ~? gádinca m; savage ~ gásrícm; small ~ níetan n beast; 2. adv níetenlic brutish; like an ~ níetenlíce

ankle [] ancléow n, ancléowe f

annihilate [] wv/t2 ádílegian, ádílgian, ádíligian devastate

anniversary [] gehwyrft géares m, ymbryne m circuit; ~ of a death léorednes¹f

announce [] sv/t2 ábéodan declare, wv/t2 ábodian proclaim, sv/t7 ábannan proclaim, wv/t1b ácýðan proclaim, sv/t7 ingefeallan proclaim, sv/t7 ábannan publish

annoy [] wv/t1b nǽtan¹ afflict

annoyance [] láð n insult

annual service [] géarþénung f

anoint [] wv/t1b lýðran smear, wv/t2 gefǽttian, wv/t2 áfǽttian fatten, wv/t2 geasmirian smear

Anointed One [] Crist m Christ

answer [] 1. andswaru f, andwyrde n, andcwiss f; ǽrende n news; 2. wv/t2 andswarian¹, wv/t1b andwyrdan¹, andwyrdian¹ , wv/t2 geandswarian

ant [] ǽmette f emmet

anthem [] antefn m antiphon, capitol m, capitul m, capitula m

ant-hill [] ǽmetbed n, ǽmethyll m

Antichrist [] Antecrist m [L]

antimony [] nebsealf f

antiphon [] antefn m anthem

antiquity [] gefyrnnes f

anvil [] anfealt f, anfilt n, anfilte n

anxiety [] angnes f fear, nearones f distress; caru f concern, carfulnes f care, gíeming f care, gíemnes f care, ymbhoga m care; ymbhygd f, ymbhýdignes f solicitude; sad ~ carsorg f

anxious [] 1. adj geænged troubled; ymbhýdig, ymbhýdiglic careful; carig²sorrowful, carful sad; 2. ~ly adv nearwe, ymbhýdiglíce; carfullíce sadly; 3. be ~ wv/t2 carian care for; be ~ about wv/i2 ymbhogian

any [] 1. adj ǽghwilc, gehwilc some, ǽlc; 2. adj, pron ǽlc; 3. adv ~ at all ǽfre ǽlc, ǽfre ǽnig

any one [] pron áhwá, gehwá (masc, fem), gehwæt (neut) whoever, áhwæðer

anything [] pron ǽghwæt, áhwæt, áhwæðer

anywhere [] adv ǽghwǽr; ǽghwider  in any direction, áhwǽr

apartment [] clýsung f enclosure; inn n lodging

ape [] apa m

apologist [] lǽdend m excuser

apology [] ládung f  defense

apostate [] 1. adj áworpen destroyed; 2. apostata m

apostle [] ǽrendraca m messenger, postol m, ár²m messenger

apostolic [] adj apostolic

apostolic letter [] pistol m [L epistola]

apparel [] gierela¹m dress

appeal to [] wv/t1b ingecígan, ingecégan invoke

appear to men [] irreg v/t on tún gán¹

appearance [] fix a day for ~ wv/t2 ándagian¹

applaud [] wv/t1b plegan clap the hands

applause [] plega m

apple [] æppel m; kind of ~ æppelcynn n; ~ of the eye æppel m; gall-~ galloc m comfrey; ~-orchard apuldortún m; ~-pip æppelcyrnel n; bark of ~-tree apuldorrind f; ~-tree apulder f, m, apuldor f, m; ~-vessel æppelfæt n

appoint [] sv/t7 árǽdan prepare, wv/t1a ástellan display, sv/t7 ingefeallan  announce; wv/t2 instihtian arrange; wv/t2 namian¹nominate; ~ a day or term wv/t2 geándagian

appointed day [] ándaga m

apprehend [] wv/t2 gelangian seize

approach [] 1. néalǽcung f access; 2. irreg wv/t1b w.d. néalǽcan; wv/t1b nǽgan¹² accost; ~ the shore sv/t7 gelǽtan néah land

appropriate [] adj gehýðe convenient

appropriate [] sv/t4 niman¹ adopt

approve [] sv/t2 céosan¹ accept, wv/t2 lufian¹practice

approved [] 1. adj áfandigendlic, áfandodlic, áfandod excellent; 2. adv ~ly áfandodlíce

April [] Aprelis m

apt [] adj numol fit for

arable land [] yrðland n

archangel [] héahboda m

archbishop [] arcebiscop m

archbishopric [] arcebiscopríce n, arceríce n

archdeacon [] arcedíacon m

architect [] héahcræftiga m

ardently [] adv léofwendum

arduous [] adjgéandýne

area of land about ¼ of a hide [] gierd landes f

Arian [] adj Arrianisc

aristocratic [] adj æðele noble

arm [] inner side of ~ innanearm m

armed company [] gárgetrum n

armed-band [] gárhéap m spear-band

armer [] æcerceorl m ploughman

armor [] gearwe f (usu pl) harness, gúðréaf n, gúðsceorp n, gúðscrúd n, gúðsearu²n

arms [] geatwe f pl equipments

army [] gefylce n band of men, getrum² n legion; herefolc²n, landfyrd f; campweorod n host; ~ of foot-soldiers ganghere m; iron-clad ~ ísenhere m; native ~ innhere m; ~ from the north norðhere m; ~ of foot-soldiers ganghere m infantry

around [] 1. prep w.d.a. ymbe (of place) near, prep w.a. ymbútan about, prep w.a. ábútan about; ~ about prep w.a. ábútan on the outside; 2. adv ymbe, ymb utan, ymbútan

arouse [] 1. one who ~s árǽrend m; 2. irreg wv/t1b áwreccan awake

arrange [] sv/t7 árǽdan settle, wv/t2 gerádian reckon with; wv/t2 instihtian appoint; wv/t2 fadian¹guide

array [] proud ~ prass m

arrive [] sv/i1 gelíðan, sv/i4 ancuman

arrogance [] ánmédla m pride, prútscipe m pride, prútung f pride

arrogant [] adj prúd, prút proud, healsfæst

arrow [] arwe f, herestrǽl m, píl m dart [L pilum]; ~-head gád f spear-head; shower of ~s ísenscúr f

art [] cræft m skill, list m, f craft, prætt m craft; ~ of enchanting galdorcræft m incantation; ~ of grammar grammaticcræft m; ~ of teaching lár f preaching; false ~ léascræft m; goldsmith’s ~ goldsmiðu f; magic ~ galdorcræft m occult art; occult ~ galdorcræft m magic art

art not [] neart verb form

artery [] ǽdre f vein, géotend  m, geotendǽder f

artful intrigue [] inwitsearu n

artfully [] adv gamenlíce sportfully, nearwe

artifice [] lotwrenc m cunning

arts [] learned ~ gebregdstafas m pl literary arts; literary ~ gebregdstafas m pl learned arts

as [] 1. like ~ if… conj gelíce and …; 2. ~ far as prep w.d., rarely a. æt (local) up to; ~ to prep w.d., rarely a. æt in respect to

as well…as [] conj ǽghwæðer (ge)…ge, ǽgðer…and

ascend [] wv/t2 ástigian mount, wv/t2 clymmian climb

Ascension Day [] one of three processional days before ~ or Holy Thursday gangdæg m Perambulation days

ascent [] ástígnes f

ash [] 1. (burnt) ~ asce f; 2. baked on ~es adj ascbacen

ashamed [] 1. adj ǽwiscmód²abashed; 2. be ~ wv/i1b ásceaman

ashes [] ǽmerge f embers, æscegeswáp n cinders

ash-tree [] stump of an ~ æscstybb m

ask [] wv/t2 geǽrendian tell

ask [] wv/t2 giwian¹, wv/t2 laðian invite; get by ~ing wv/t2 ábedecian, sv/t5 ábiddan obtain; ~ for sv/t5 ábiddan request

asked [] adj ábǽd, ábeden

asking [] geáscung f inquiry

aspen [] 1. cwicbéam m juniper; ~ bark cwicbéamrind f; 2. of ~ adj cwicbéamen

aspersion [] áwyrðung f stain

ass [] 1. he-~ assa m; she-~ assen f, assmyre f; 2. dun-colored like an ~ adj assedun

assail [] wv/t1b ymbhýpan press around

assault [] ǽhlýp m breach of the peace

assemble [] wv/r2 gadrian¹, sv/t7 ábannan út call out, wv/r2 gadrian¹; sv/t7 ábannan út call together

assembly [] gaderung¹f, geþeaht f, n council, ymbcyme m convention, léodstefn m; laðung¹f congregation; ~ of the men of a hundred hundred n, hundrað n

assert [] sv/t7 lǽtan¹pretend, wv/t3 habban

asseveration [] cann f averment

assign [] sv/t7 lǽtan¹allot; wv/t1a cennan¹attribute

associate [] 1. adj geférlic; 2. geféra m comrade; 3. irreg wv/t1b geférlǽcan unite; ~ (with) wv/t2 gadrian¹

associated [] adj geféred

assume [] sv/t4 niman¹ accept; ~ to be wv/t2 prófian [L probare]

assumption [] áfangennes f reception

assured [] adj langtwidig lasting

assuredly! [] interj áfæstlá certainly!

Assyrian [] adj Assirisc

asthma [] angbréost n tightness of the chest

astonish [] wv/t1b áblícgan, wv/t1b ágælwan terrify; be ~ed wv/t1b ástyltan

astute [] adj prættig  cunning

astuteness []géapnes f

at [] 1. prep w.d., rarely a. æt (temporal) on, prep w.d. or a. (temporal) in in, prep w.a. ymbe (of time) about; prep w.d.a. ymbe (of place) upon, prep w.d. or a. (local) in upon ;prep w.d., rarely a. æt (local) near; prep w.d., rarely a. æt (causal) through; ~ the time of prep w.d., rarely a. æt (temporal) on; 2. adv ymbe, æt near; 3. prefix? æt-

at all [] adv á always

athlete [] plegmann m gymnosophist; female ~ plegestre f

athletic [] adj pleglic

atmosphere [] lyft f, m, n air

attack [] 1. anginn n onset, áflygennes f, gewealc n, níð m war, níðgetéon n; murderous ~ inwitscear m; 2. wv/t1b néosan, wv/t2 néosian visit with affliction; ~  (often followed by wordum) wv/t1b nǽgan¹

attain [] sv/i3 geiernan get to, wv/t1b geféran accomplish

attempt [] wv/t2 fandian¹(oft w.g., but also w.d., w.a.) try

attend [] wv/t1b cépan guard; ~ upon wv/t2 þegnian¹w.d. minister to

attendant [] 1. cniht m servant; þegnhyse retainer; ~ member of a retinue ymbhringend m; 2. without an ~ adj cnihtléas

attention (needing ~) [] 1. adj ymbhýdig to be observed; 2. adv ymbhýdiglíce

attentive [] 1. adj carful careful; 2. adv ~ly carfullíce

attract [] wv/t2 loccian¹ entice

attribute [] wv/t1a cennan¹ assign; ~ (to) sv/t1 hlígan

augment [] wv/t1b íecan¹ add to

August (month) [] Agustus m

austere [] adj gearowitol, gearwutol

austerity [] heardlicnes f

author of light [] léohtsáwend m

authority (ecclesiastical ~) [] láréowdóm m

autumn drought [] æfterhǽða m

avail [] of no ~ 1. adj náhtlic worthless; 2. ~ly adv náhtlíce

avail oneself to [] wv/t1b cépan betake oneself to

avarice [] gítsiendnes f, gítsung f greediness; wicked ~ náhtgítsung f

avenge [] sv/t5 áwrecan punish

avenger by necessity [] néadwraca m

averment [] cann f cognizance

avert [] wv/t1b ymbwendan turn away

avoid [] wv/t2 áwærian

await [] sv/t1 ábídan wait for; wv/t1b cépan receive; ~ eagerly wv/t2 cépnian

awake [] irreg wv/t1b áwreccan arouse, sv/t3 úp ábregdan start up, wv/t2áwacian

aware of [] adj gecýðig

away [] verb prefix á-

awl [] æl m piercer

axe [] ceorfæx f

Axe [] the river ~ Acsa m, Axa m

Axminster in Devonshire [] Acsan mynster n

B

back [] 1. ~ of axe ýr n?; 2. going ~ adj capiende retrograde; lying on the ~ capiende bent backwards; 3. ~ (in return) adv æfter thereupon

backward [] adj lætsum; bent ~s capiende thrown backwards; ~s (of motion) capiende going back; that can be read ~s in the same meter adj capiende; thrown ~s capiende lying on the back; ~s capiende bent backwards

bad [] 1. adj yfel (cmp wiersa, spl wiersta, wierresta, weorsta), gódléas evil, yfelic, yfellic evil; lýðre wicked; lýðerlic vile; láðwende² hostile; cystléas worthless; náht poor; 2. ~ly adv yfelíce, yfellíce, yfle (cmp wiers/wyrs, spl wierrest/wyrrest/wyrst) evilly; lýðerlíce vilely; náhtlíce wickedly; 3. become ~ wv/t2 yfelian¹ grow worse

baggy [] adjpohhede

bail [] inborh m security in cases of theft

bake [] sv/t6 ábacan, wv/t1b ábrǽdan

baked [] newly ~ adj níwbacen; ~ on ashes ascbacen

baker [] grístra m miller

balance [] 1. anmitta m scales; 2. ~ against irreg wv/t1b átellan wíð

bald [] adj andfeax, calu bare

ball [] æppel m anything round, clíewen n sphere, þóðer m, þóðor m sphere; ~ of thread or yarn clíewen n

Baltic Sea [] norðsǽ f

band [] nostle f fillet; ymbstandnes f, ymbstandennes f troop; armed-~ gárhéap m band of warriors; ~ of warriors gárhéap m; ~ of men gefylce n army; spear-~ gárhéap m armed-band

banish [] wv/t1b ýtan drive out

banner [] gierela¹m

baptism [] Christian ~ crístennes f; laver of ~ fantbæð n baptismal water

baptismal font [] fanfæt n

baptismal water [] fant m, fantbæð n laver of baptism

bar [] clús f, clúse f [L clausum] bolt, clústor n [L claustrum] lock, loc n bolt

bare [] 1. adj calu bald; ídel void; nacod, nacud nude; 2. lay ~ wv/t1a ábarian disclose; make ~ wv/t1a ábarian disclose

barefaced [] adj nebwlátful shameless

bargain [] 1. céap m gain; nǽming f contract; loc n agreement; 2. wv/t2 céapian¹trade

bark [] aspen ~ cwicbéamrind f; ~ of apple-tree apuldorrind f; ivy-~ ífigrind f; oak-~ ácrind f

barley paid as rent [] gafolbere m

barn-keeper [] gebrot m

barren [] adj íeðe² desolate

barrier [] clústor n [L claustrum] bar

barter [] wv/t1b cýpan¹ traffic

base [] adj gaf lewd, lýðre mean, lysu evil

basilisk [] fágwyrm m

basin [] céac m pitcher, læfel m bowl[L labellum], lempit f dish

basket [] cawl m, cýpe f vessel, leap m, gafolgyld n fiscus; fodder ~ for cattle yrfebin n; ~ for catching or keeping fish leap m

basket-weir [] a ~ cytwer m

bas-relief [] in ~ adj inheald embossed

bastard [] adj cifesboren

bath [] gannet’s ~ ganotesbæð n (i.e., the sea)

Bath [] Acemannes burh f, Acemannes ceaster f

bathe [] sv/t6 áwascan wash, wv/t2 lafian¹wash

batten [] wv/t1b geswétlǽcan

battle [] 1. æscþracu f, lác²n, f strife, lindgelác n, camp m, n combat, campwíg n combat, gecamp m warfare, níðplega m fight, níðweorc n, gúð²f combat, handgemót² n; gármitting f, gárgewinn²n fight with spears, gárrǽs m, gárþracu f [dat ~þræce], plega m, gúðgewinn²n; place of ~ æscsteall ?m, æscstede m; 2. brave in ~ adj níðheard²bold; 3. engage in ~ irreg v/t tógædre/tógædere/tógadere gán¹

battle-friend [] gúðwine²m weapon

bay [] laur m laurel

be [] sv/i5 licgan¹ remain; ~ present irreg v/i ætbéon

beach [] ýðláf²f shore

beak [] nebb n bill; ~-shaped thing [] nebb n beak

beaker [] líð n cup

beam [] léoma¹m ray of light; weaver’s ~ lorg f, m, lorh f, m pole

bear [] sv/t4 beran, sv/t4 áberan carry, sv/t4 niman¹bring, wv/t1b cépan take to; irreg wv/t1b gebringan produce; ~ (a child) sv/t4 áberan

bearable [] adj áberendlic

bearer [] key-~ cǽgbora m jailor

bearing [] gelǽte n [ON lǽti] manners

beast [] néat n animal; níetan n small animal

beat [] sv/t7 ábéatan strike, sv/t1 cnídan, wv/t1b pyrtan strike, wv/t2 þaccian¹smack; wv/t2 púnian¹bruise; wv/t1a clæppan throb; ~ or mark the bounds of land wv/t1b lǽdan

beaten by storms [] adv stormum ábéatne

beautiful [] 1. adj léoflic pleasant, ánlic; léoht resplendent, lufiendlic, lufigendlic lovely; 2. ~ly adv léoflíce

beautify [] irreg wv/t1b cyrtenlǽcan¹make elegant

beauty [] cyrtenes f elegance, glǽm²m  splendor

because [] conj ac for; nú since

bed [] 1. bedd n; gang m path, gelege lair; leger n couch, legerbedd n; ~ of death néobedd²n corpse-bed; ~ of spirits néobedd²n bed of death; corpse-~ néobedd²n bed of death; sick ~ legerbedd n; 2. adj confined to ~ gelegered, gelegerod; 3. keep one’s ~ leger weardian

bed-chamber [] cot n, cote f cottage

bedeck [] wv/t2 ymbcæfian embroider around

bed-time [] gebedgiht f

bee [] enclosure for ~s ymbhaga m; swarm of ~s ymbe n; taxable swarm (of ~s) gafolheord f

beer [] small ~ æfterealu n

beetle [] ceafor m cock-chafer, ymel m; ~ or moth which flies by night nihtbutorfléoge f

before [] 1. prep w.d., rarely a. æt (local) next to; prep w.d. ǽr; prep w.a. ymbe (of time); 2. adv ymbe; just ~ hwéne ǽr; ~ that ǽr [cmp ǽror; spl ǽrost, ǽrest, ǽrst] previously; 3. conj ǽr þam (þe); ~ that ǽr ere, þǽrforan

beforehand [] adv ǽr [cmp ǽror; spl ǽrost, ǽrest, ǽrst] formerly, on ǽr, ǽr þissum formerly

beget [] wv/t1a cennan¹ create, wv/t1b ástríenan²

beggar [] loddere m

begin (the weft) [] sv/t3 inweorpan

beginning [] anginn n; ǽwielm m source; ingang m ingress; the ~ of a month cálend m

behave towards [] sv/t7 lǽtan¹treat

behavior [] ymbwendung f

behead [] wv/t2 héafdian

behind [] 1. prep w.d.i. æfter after (local and temporal); prep w.d. æthindan after; 2. adj æfterweard following æftwanweard in the rear; æftanweard coming after; 3. adv æftewearde, on láste/last, æftan from behind; from ~ æftan behind; 4. leave ~ sv/t7 lǽtan¹let alone, sv/t7 on bæc lǽtan¹

behold [] interj lóc/lóca nu, lá! lo!, nú lo!

beholding [] ymbséon f regard

behoove [] wv/t2 ábehófian concern

being [] adj not ~ nǽrende; ptc [ne + wesan]

being together [] gæd n union

belch [] wv/t1b cylcan eructate; ~ out (in a contemptuous sense) wv/t1b cylcan utter; ~ up a thing wv/t1b cylcan

beleaguer [] wv/t2 ymbwícgian surround

belief [] créda m [L credo] confession of faith, léafa¹m faith

believe [] 1. easy to ~ adj léafléoht; 2. wv/t1b, wv/i1b líefan¹ trust

believing [] 1. adj geléafsum faithful, gelíefed pious, léafful¹ orthodox (Christian); 2. adv ~ly léaffullíce

belittle [] wv/t2 lýtlian¹

bell [] church-~ ciricbelle f; noon-~ nónbelle f; ringing of the noon-~ nónhring m

bellowing [] grymetung f, grymettung f roaring

belong to [] sv/i5 licgan¹

belonging to the people generally [] adj ceorllic common

beloved [] 1. adj léof¹ dear; 2. ~ one léof m friend

below [] adv neoðan, neoðane beneath, niðer beneath, niðere down

belt [] gyrdel m girdle; surrounding ~ ymbgang m circumference

bend [] 1. ymbbígnes f circuit; 2. wv/t1b ábégan bow, wv/t1b ábýgan bend down; ~ down wv/t1b ábégan bend, wv/t1b ábýgan bend

bending [] adj ábégendlic flexible; ~ around ymbbígnes f bend

beneath [] 1. situated ~ adj niðeweard; 2. adv neoðan, neoðane below; niðer downwards; from ~ neoðan, neoðane below

beneficial [] adj nytt helpful

benefit [] 1. ár f favor; gód n advantage, nytnes f use; ~s ár f ecclesiastical living; 2. wv/t2 gebrýcian, gebrýcsian profit

benign [] adj líðe (cmp lýðre, spl lýðrest?) gentle

bent [] adj géap crooked, gecrócod crooked; ~ backwards capiende lying on the back; ~ down niðerbogen; ~ downwards niðerheald

bequeath [] sv/t7 lǽtan¹, wv/t1b lǽfan¹leave

bequest [] ierfe n heritage, yrfeláf f inheritance

bereave [] wv/t1b ástýpan deprive

bereavement [] ástýpednes f, ástýpnes f privation

bereft (of) [] adj w.d.g. gefylled; adj w.g. léas devoid of

berries [] cluster of ivy-~ ífigcrop m, ífigcroppa m

berry [] corn n seed, cropp m, croppa m sprout; a bunch of ~s léactrog m, léactroc m; laurel-~ laurberige f

beset [] irreg wv/t1b ymbsellan enclose, wv/t1a ymbsettan surround; wv/t1b nierwan¹, wv/t2 nierwian¹ chasten

besides [] adv þǽrbufan; ~ that þǽrbufan

besiege [] sv/t5 ymbsittan surround

best [] the ~ of anything cyst f, m w. gen pl the choicest

bestowed [] adj gebritnod

betake oneself [] sv/t4 niman¹ go; ~ to wv/t1b cépan avail oneself to

betray [] sv/t7 ingefeallan disclose, wv/t1a yppan¹ reveal, wv/t1b lǽwan¹ [Goth léwjan], wv/t2 ámeldian make known

betroth [] wv/t1b gehandfæstan

between [] prep w.d. ábitweonum

beyond [] 1. prep w.a. geondan, ymbútan outside; 2. adv ymbútan

bid [] sv/t2 ábéodan proclaim; ~ farewell to sv/t2 hǽl ábéodan wish one good luck

bill [] nebb n beak

billow [] ýð f flood

billows [] holmwylm m

billowy [] adj ýðig stormy

bind [] wv/t1b cyspan¹ fetter, wv/t2 gefeterian²fetter; ~ around sv/t3 ymbbindan

binding [] gebundennes f obligation

bird [] lyftfléogend m; ~ of prey néfugol m; male ~ carlfugol m cock; sea-~ ganot m water-fowl, a supposed lýðrest?; pernex m [mistranslation of L pernix]; catching of ~s yltwist f; crop (of a ~) cropp m, croppa m; young ~ nest n brood

birth [] 1. cenning f parturition, ácennednes f, ácenning f; after-~ cildhama m; imperfect ~ lambyrd f; 2. of noble ~ adj æðelcund

birthday [] cennes f

birthplace [] cenningstów f

bit [] cáma m  [L] collar; ~ (of a bridle, bristling with points cenep m [ON kanpr]

bite into pieces [] sv/t1 ábítan gnaw

biting [] adj numol snappish; numol stinging

bitter [] make ~ or sour wv/t2 ábiterian, ábitrian embitter; turn ~ wv/i2 ábiterian, ábitrian

bittern [] cýta m kite; ? púr ?

black [] 1. coal-~ adj colsweart; 2. ~ centaury ísenhearde f knapweed

blackmail [] níedbád f exaction

blacksmith [] ísensmið m, ísenwyrhta m

blade [] gærswyrt f grass

blame [] 1. clearing from ~ lád f exculpation; 2. sv/t6, also wv/t1b léan, wv/t2 leahtrian¹ accuse; 3. ~less adj leahtorléas faultless

blaming [] nǽting f

blandish [] irreg wv/t1b léasóleccan flatter

blanket [] tribute-~ gafolhwítel m tribute-whittle

blaspheme [] wv/t2 yfelsacian¹, wv/t2 yfelsian¹

blasphemer [] hierwend m, yfelsacend m

blasphemy [] hierwing f, yfelsacung f calumny, yfelsæc n?, yfelsung f

blast [] ǽðmm

bleach [] wv/t1a áblǽcan whiten

blemish [] áwierding f corruption; glemm m spot; ~ (in an object) fácen n fault

blind [] 1. adj ymeséne; 2. wv/t1b áblindan make blind; become ~ wv/i2 áblindian; make ~ wv/t1b áblindan blind

blinded [] adj áblend

blister [] pocc m pustule; ice-~ ísgeblǽd n

blood (man of royal ~) [] æðeling m nobleman

blood relation [] nýdmǽg¹m, nýdmǽge¹f cousin

blot out [] wv/t2 ádílegian, ádílgian, ádíligian destroy

blow [] 1. andslyht²m; 2. sv/t7 ábláwan blow away; wv/t1a pyffan puff, wv/t2 pyfian; sv/t7 ábláwan breathe; ~ an instrument wv/t1b plegan pipe; ~ away sv/t7 ábláwan breathe upon

blowing [] ábláwung f inflation

blowing fiercely (of flame) [] adj áblǽst

blunt [] wv/t1b ástyntan repress

blush [] wv/i2áblysian, wv/t2 áréodian redden

blushing [] áblysgung f, áblysung f shame

boast [] 1. gielpword n; 2. wv/t1b gealpettan

boaster [] gielpna m

boastfulness [] gealpettung f, gielpnes f

boasting [] empty ~ ídelgielp n vainglory

boat [] naca²m ship; small ~ ǽrendscip n skiff

bodily [] 1. adj líchamlic physical; 2. adv líchamlíce personally

bodily torment [] níedbád f

body [] líc n, lícfæt²n, limgesíð f; líchama m corpse; separation of soul and ~ gástgedál²n death; ~ of priests préosthéap m, préosthíred m

bog-myrtle [] gagel m? sweet gale

boil [] irreg v/t áwillan bring into commotion; sv/t2 áséoðan seethe, wv/i2 fámgian foam

boiled [] newly ~ adj nísoden

bold [] 1. adj cáf brave, cáflic, heardmód brave; céne, gárþríst daring; heardlic warlike; níðheard² brave in battle; ~ in arms gárcéne bold in fight; ~ in fight gárcéne; 2. ~ly adv cáfe, cáflíce, céne brave, cénlíce; heardlíce in a warlike manner

boldness [] cáfscipe m alacrity, cénðu f, néðing f daring, nóð²f daring

bolt [] clús f, clúse f [L clausum] bar, loc n bar

bond [] internal ~ inbend m, f; iron ~ ísenbend²m, f fetter

bondage [] born in ~ adj ǽhtboren

bond-slave [] nýdþéwetling m

book [] ~ of canons canonbóc f; canonical ~s canones béc f pl [L canon]; Latin ~ lǽdenbóc f ~ of prescriptions lǽcebóc f; ~ of service for compline nihtsang m; ~ of the epistles pistolbóc f; ~s of the law ǽbéc f pl

booth  [] léafsele m place for shade

booty [] fang m plunder, lác n, f, herefeoh n, nóð²f plunder

border [] þerscold m, þerscwald m, þerscwold m, þerxold m, þerxwold m limit; northern ~ norðefes f

born [] adj geboren; ~ in bondage ǽhtboren; lawfully ~ ǽwumboren; low-~ ceorlboren not noble; new~ níwcend; ~ on the estate inbyrde

both [] 1. pron ǽghwæðer either; 2. ~…and  conj ǽghwæðer (ge)…ge, ǽgðer…and

bottom [] niðernes f deepness

bought [] adj áboht

bound [] 1. adj gebunden; 2. not to be ~ irreg v/t nágan not owe

boundary [] landgemǽre n, landgemirce n frontier, landmearc n; north-west ~ norðwestgemǽre m; ~ of ploughed land yrðmearc f, landscearu f landmark

boundless [] adj grundléaslic vast

bountiful [] adj gifol generous

bounty [] cystignes f, cystines f goodness, glædmódnes f kindness

bow [] wv/t1b ábégan bend down

bowed [] adj ábogen; ~ down ábéag
bowl [] læfel m basin[L labellum]

box [] cæpse f [L capsa]; iron ~ yrsebin f; money ~ gafolgyld n fiscus

boy [] cniht m youth

boyhood [] cnihthád m youth, cniht m

boyish [] adj cnihtlic childish

boyishness [] cnihtwíse f

branch [] clyster n bunch; lim n; palm-~ palm m, palma m, palmtwig n

brass [] ár n copper

brave [] 1. adj cáf bold, céne, heardmód bold, heardhicgende²; ~ in battle níðheard² bold; 2. ~ly adv cáfe, céne, heardlíce stoutly

brave [] adj þegnlic noble; ~ly adv þegnlíce manfully

brawl in a house [] infiht n, insócn f

bray (in a mortar) [] wv/t2 portian¹

brazen vessel [] árfæt n

breach [] gebryce m fracture; ~ of the law lahbryce m; ~ of the peace ǽhlýp m assault

break [] sv/t4 ábrecan break down; ~ away sv/i3 áberstan escape; ~ down sv/t4 ábrecan break to pieces; ~ into sv/t5 inbrecan; ~ out sv/i3 áberstan burst out, sv/i3 út áberstan; ~ out, away, forth sv/i4 ábrecan; ~ out in pimples wv/t2 piplian show eruptions; ~ to pieces sv/t7 ábéatan strike, sv/t4 ábrecan break down; ~ up wv/t1b gebrýtan destroy

breaking [] gebryce m fracture

breast [] feorhloca m, gástcofa m; innoð m, f inside, gástcofa m spirit’s chamber

breath [] ǽðmm air, gást m

breathe [] sv/t7 ábláwan blow; ~ out wv/t1a ápyffan exhale; ~ upon sv/t7 ábláwan blow away, sv/t7 inbláwan inspire

breathing [] ǽðmm breath, inéðung f inspiration; hardness of ~ nirewett n

brethren [] gebróðor m pl, gebróðra m pl, gebróðru m pl  brothers

brewed [] adj gebrowen

bribe [] endeavor to ~ wv/t2 céapian¹

bridesmaid [] hádswǽpe f

bridesman [] hádswǽpa m

bridle [] 1. geweald n; 2. wv/t2 ámídlian, wv/t2 gebrídlian restrain

briefly [] adv nearolíce closely

bright [] 1. adj léoht luminous, léohtlic radiant; hádor²clear; perennially ~ géartorht; 2. ~ly adv léohte brilliantly; hádre clearly

brightness [] glǽm²m brilliance, líhtnes f, hádor n clearness

brilliance [] glǽm²m gleam

brilliancy [] fágnes f variety of color

brilliant [] 1. adj léohtbǽre luminous; 2. ~ly adv léohte  brightly

bring [] irreg wv/t1b bringan, sv/t4 niman¹carry, wv/t1b lǽdan¹take; irreg wv/t1b gebringan lead; ~ before one wv/t2 geandwerdian present; ~ forth wv/t1a cennan¹conceive, wv/t2 gehrifian, wv/t1b lǽdan¹ produce; ~ forward wv/t1b inlǽdan lead up; ~ in irreg wv/t1b inbrengan, inbringan present, irreg wv/t1b ingebringan, sv/t4 ináberan, wv/t1b inlǽdan lead in; ~ into commotion irreg v/t áwillan boil; ~ low wv/t1b ábýgan subdue, wv/t2 niðerian¹ depress; ~ out wv/t1a yppan¹disclose; ~ to light wv/t1b ábǽran disclose; ~ up well wv/t2 geþéawian

bringer [] lǽdend m; ~ of evil tidings yfelberend m

bringing up [] infóster n rearing

Bristol Channel [] norðsǽ f northern sea

broad [] adj géap spacious

broil [] ingerec n

broken [] adj gebrocen, ábrocen; ~ up gebrócod afflicted

brooch [] préon m pin

brood [] nest n young bird

broom [] ceacga m furze

brother monk [] gehada m

brotherhood [] gebróðorscipe m fraternity; member of a ~ of related persons gilda¹m

brothers [] gebróðra m pl, gebróðru m pl brethren; ~ collectively gebróðor m pl

brothership [] gebróðorscipe m brotherhood

brought [] adj gebroht

bruise [] wv/t2 púnian¹ beat

bruised [] adj gebrýsed

bruising [] gebrýsednes f

brutish [] adv níetenlic animal

brutishness [] níetennnes f

buckle [] clofe f, gyrdelhring m girdle, fifele f [L fibula]

buffet [] wv/t1a plættan smack

buffoon [] glíwere m parasite, léasere m jester

build [] wv/t1b átimbran, wv/t2 átimbrian erect; wv/t2 ástemnian found; ~ nests wvt1b nistan, wv/t2 nistian, wv/t1b nistlan, wv/t2 nistlian

builder []church-~ circwyrhta m; city ~ ceasterwyrhta m

building [] ærn n store; ancient ~ ǽrsceaft f

bulbous [] adj clufeht, clufehte

bunch [] clyster n cluster, cropp m, croppa m cluster; a ~ of berries léactrog m, léactroc m

burden [] handhæf n

burdock [] cliðe f

burghers [] ceasterwaran¹m pl citizens

burial [] gebyrgednes f; ~ place legerstów f

burn [] sv/i3 ábeornan take fire

burning [] 1. adj glowende glowing; 2. lígbryne²m fire, ál n fire; inbærnednes f, inbærnes f incense

burst out [] sv/i3 áberstan break out

bush [] gebrogne n

bushel [] cýf f vat

business [] ǽbod m, cierr m affair, intinga m matter; níed f errand

busy [] wv/t2 ábisgian occupy; be ~ with wv/t2 ábisgian engage in; ~ oneself wv/t1b plegan occupy oneself; ~ oneself with wv/t2 geimpian

but [] 1. conj ac, and; ~ also ac moreover; 2. adv gefæstlíce verily

butt [] wv/t2 potian goad

butter [] cúbutere f

buy [] wv/t1b cýpan¹ barter, wv/t2 céapian¹ 

by [] 1. prep w.d., rarely a. æt (instrumental); prep w.d., rarely a. æt (local) near; 2. adv ymb utan; ~ that (person or thing) þǽrbig, þǽrbie thereby

by no means [] adv náteshwón, náteþæshwón not at all

bystander [] ymbstandend m